About ancestors using the ancestors method it is possible to suggest that specifically ActionController::RoutingError base rails class ActionController::ActionControllerError (which already dates back to rubislaw StandardError).
2.3.1 :029 > ActionController::RoutingError.ancestors
=> [ActionController::RoutingError,
ActionController::ActionControllerError,
StandardError, Exception, ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Blamable,
Object, PP::ObjectMixin, ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Loadable,
V8::Conversion::Object,
JSON::Ext::Generator::GeneratorMethods::Object,
Kernel,
BasicObject]
But I am sure that the other components of Rails has its own parent exception classes, and maybe not even one. For example, there are ActiveRecord ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError.
You may have to go through the rails source code and look for classes that are inherited from StandardError.